The Organizatons category covers companies and other organizations that develop, implement, or utilize blockchain technology.

Organizations

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Aspernatur, voluptatum fugiat animi perferendis tempore, atque nemo magnam nobis deserunt magni suscipit, id eaque. Dignissimos, et. Nobis delectus magnam mollitia laboriosam inventore odit ipsam, culpa accusantium architecto minima repudiandae repellat corporis ab ipsum eligendi totam autem molestiae ut! Sit, unde adipisci? Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Aspernatur, voluptatum fugiat animi perferendis tempore, atque nemo magnam nobis deserunt magni suscipit, id eaque. Dignissimos, et. Nobis delectus magnam mollitia laboriosam inventore odit ipsam, culpa accusantium architecto minima repudiandae repellat corporis ab ipsum eligendi totam autem molestiae ut! Sit, unde adipisci? Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Aspernatur, voluptatum fugiat animi perferendis tempore, atque nemo magnam nobis deserunt magni suscipit, id eaque. Dignissimos, et. Nobis delectus magnam mollitia laboriosam inventore odit ipsam, culpa accusantium architecto minima repudiandae repellat corporis ab ipsum eligendi totam autem molestiae ut! Sit, unde adipisci?[\[1\]](#cite-id-hhmpg8q1rsb)

"What is" inquires about the identity, nature, or purpose of something, encouraging detailed understanding or explanation in various contexts.

Aspernatur voluptatum

Cats, known for their adorable appearance and charming personalities, have been beloved companions to humans for thousands of years. These small, furry felines are renowned for their independence, playfulness, and ability to form strong bonds with their human caregivers.

## Overview

Cats (Felis catus) are domesticated members of the Felidae family, which includes big cats like lions and tigers. They are believed to have been first domesticated around 9,500 years ago in the Near East[1]. Today, cats are one of the most popular pets worldwide, with an estimated 600 million cats living in households [across]() the globe[2].

These fascinating creatures are known for their agility, keen senses, and predatory instincts. Despite their domestication, cats retain many of their wild ancestors&#39; traits, making them both intriguing and sometimes mysterious to their human companions. Their cute appearance, combined with their complex personalities, has made them a subject of fascination in various cultures and a popular theme in art, literature, and social media.

## Characteristics

### Physical Features


- Size: Most domestic cats weigh between 8-10 pounds (3.6-4.5 kg), though this can vary significantly by breed[3].
- Lifespan: The average lifespan of an indoor cat is 13-17 years, with some living into their 20s[4].
- Senses:

  - Excellent night vision
  - Acute hearing, capable of detecting ultrasonic sounds
  - Highly developed sense of smell



### Behavior


1. Independence: Cats are known for their self-reliant nature, often preferring to explore and play on their own terms.
1. Grooming: They spend a significant [portion]() of their day grooming themselves, which helps maintain their coat and regulate body temperature.
1. Communication: Cats use a variety of vocalizations, body language, and scent marking to communicate with humans and other cats.
1. Hunting instincts: Even well-fed house cats often display hunting behaviors, such as stalking and pouncing on toys or small objects.


## Popular Breeds

There are over 70 recognized cat breeds, each with its own unique characteristics. Some of the most popular include:


1. Maine Coon: Known for their large size and friendly personalities
1. Siamese: Distinctive appearance and vocal nature
1. Persian: Long-haired with a flat face and calm demeanor
1. Bengal: Spotted coat resembling wild cats and high energy levels
1. Scottish Fold: Characterized by folded ears and sweet expression


Dr. John Bradshaw, a cat behavior expert, notes: &quot;Each cat breed has its own distinct personality traits, but individual cats within a breed can vary greatly. It&#39;s important to remember that every cat is unique.&quot;[5]

## History and Domestication

The domestication of cats is believed to have begun in the Fertile Crescent region around 7500 BCE. Early agricultural societies likely welcomed cats for their ability to control rodent populations that threatened grain stores[6]. Over time, the relationship between humans and cats evolved from one of mutual benefit to companionship.

### Timeline of Cat Domestication:


- c. 7500 BCE: Evidence of early cat domestication in Cyprus
- c. 3000 BCE: Cats depicted in Egyptian art and mythology
- 1000s CE: Cats spread throughout Europe and Asia
- 1600s CE: Cats arrive in the Americas with European settlers


## Care Tips

Proper care is essential for maintaining a cat&#39;s health and happiness. Key aspects of cat care include:


1. Nutrition: Provide a balanced diet appropriate for the cat&#39;s age and health status.
1. Exercise: Encourage play and activity to maintain physical and mental health.
1. Grooming: Regular brushing, especially for long-haired breeds.
1. Health care: Annual veterinary check-ups and vaccinations.
1. Environmental enrichment: Provide scratching posts, toys, and climbing structures.


&quot;The key to a happy cat is understanding their needs and providing an environment that allows them to express their natural behaviors,&quot; says feline behaviorist Jackson Galaxy[7].

## Cultural Significance

Cats have played significant roles in various cultures throughout history:


- Ancient Egypt: Cats were revered and even worshipped, associated with the goddess Bastet.
- Japan: The Maneki-neko (beckoning cat) is a common lucky charm and figurine.
- Internet culture: Cats have become iconic in memes, videos, and social media content.


## Why Cats Are Loved

Cats have captured the hearts of millions for various reasons:


1. Low-maintenance companionship
1. Stress-reducing effects of petting and purring
1. Amusing and entertaining behaviors
1. Ability to form strong bonds with humans while maintaining independence
1. Adaptability to different living situations, including small apartments


A study published in the journal &quot;Anthrozoös&quot; found that cat owners reported lower stress levels and higher quality of life compared to non-pet owners[8].

In conclusion, cats continue to captivate humans with their cute appearance, intriguing behaviors, and ability to provide companionship while maintaining their independence. Their long history of coexistence with humans and their adaptability to modern lifestyles ensure that these charming felines will remain beloved pets for generations to come.

[1] Driscoll, C. A., et al. (2007). The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication. Science, 317(5837), 519-523.
[2] World Atlas. (2021). How Many Cats Are There In The World?
[3] American Veterinary Medical Association. (2022). Cat Care: Weight.
[4] Cornell Feline Health Center. (2023). The Special Needs of the Senior Cat.
[5] Bradshaw, J. (2013). Cat Sense: How the New Feline Science Can Make You a Better Friend to Your Pet.
[6] Hu, Y., et al. (2014). Earliest evidence for commensal processes of cat domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(1), 116-120.
[7] Galaxy, J. (2012). Cat Daddy: What the World&#39;s Most Incorrigible Cat Taught Me About Life, Love, and Coming Clean.
[8] Bao, K. J., &amp; Schreer, G. (2016). Pets and Happiness: Examining the Association between Pet Ownership and Wellbeing. Anthrozoös, 29(2), 283-296.


Cute cats are beloved for their playful behavior, diverse breeds, and affectionate nature. They have a rich history and cultural significance, requiring specifi...

Cute Cats

**Matter Labs** is a German-based company developing the zkSync technology — a layer-2 scaling solution for [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) that aims to improve transaction throughput and reduce [gas fees](https://iq.wiki/wiki/gas)\. \[1\]\[2\]\[3\]  
  
# Overview  
  
Founded by Alex V. and Alex G., Matter Labs is working to scale [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) using [zero-knowledge proofs](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zero-knowledge-proofs-zkps), a technology seen as essential for the mainstream adoption of public [blockchains](https://iq.wiki/wiki/blockchain). Since its launch in the summer of 2020, Matter Labs' zkSync has been operational, providing cheaper crypto payments and aiming to scale arbitrary [smart contracts](https://iq.wiki/wiki/smart-contract), including those written in Solidity within a [ZK rollup. ](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zk-rollup)\[2\]\[3\]  
  
> "At Matter Labs, we believe Freedom leads to Progress and Prosperity. Therefore, we made it our mission to advance personal freedom for all" - Matter Labs' mission statement  
  
Matter Labs operates with an open-source development approach and a result-oriented mindset. [2]  
  
Matter Labs raised $2 million in a seed round in September 2019 and another $6 million in a Series A round in February 2021 from crypto companies like [Binance](https://iq.wiki/wiki/binance), [Aave](https://iq.wiki/wiki/aave), [Curve](https://iq.wiki/wiki/curve-finance), and [Coinbase Ventures](https://iq.wiki/wiki/coinbase). Its Series B raise in November 2021 saw another $50 million raised from venture capital funds like [a16z](https://iq.wiki/wiki/a16z-crypto), Dragonfly, and Placeholder. In January 2022, the company was backed with another $200 million by [BitDAO](https://iq.wiki/wiki/bitdao). [11]  
  
## zkSync  
  
ZKSync is a [layer-two](https://iq.wiki/wiki/layer-2) blockchain for [Ethereum](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum) using [zk-rollups](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zk-rollup) as scaling technology. Like optimistic rollups, zk-rollups roll up transactions off the Ethereum [mainnet](https://iq.wiki/wiki/mainnet) and submit the transaction proofs to Ethereum\. This means hundreds of transactions are batched into one\, which is verified and secured by Ethereum\. \[11\]\[10\]  
  
[Zero-knowledge proofs](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zero-knowledge-proofs-zkps), or zk-Proofs, have active cryptographic security. For instance, zk-Rollup solutions determine the integrity of a transaction without disclosing the supporting evidence. [[11]  
  
# Controversy  
  
In May 2024, Matter Labs filed trademark applications in nine countries to claim the term “zero-knowledge” as the firm’s exclusive intellectual property, outraging the [crypto](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cryptocurrency) industry. Matter Labs had already attempted to register a token with the symbol “ZK” with cryptocurrency exchanges, in an attempt to consolidate their claim on the technology. [5]  
  
According to [Eli Ben-Sasson](https://iq.wiki/wiki/eli-ben-sasson), CEO of [StarkWare](https://iq.wiki/wiki/starknet), the attempt by Matter Labs to register ZK technology represents an “absurd grab of intellectual property,” as stated:  
  
> “ZK CRYPTOGRAPHY WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE GOOD OF ALL. IT IS SHAMEFUL TO SEE A COMPANY TRYING TO MONOPOLIZE ‘ZK’ AS PRIVATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. IT IS AS ABSURD AS A BAKER TRYING TO PATENT BREAD.”[4]  
  
He also added that no single company should claim ZK technology as its own:  
  
> “ZK cryptography has massive potential for humanity — actually far beyond blockchain. We, in blockchain, are honored to be pioneering its first great use case – and hope this propels it to many other use cases.”[5]  
  
Top industry experts have called for the withdrawal of Matter Labs’ trademark filing, which they called “oppressive behavior,” in a public letter shared with [Cointelegraph](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cointelegraph). The public letter was signed by notable figures including [Polygon](https://iq.wiki/wiki/polygon) co-founders [Sandeep Nailwal](https://iq.wiki/wiki/sandeep-nailwal) and Brendan Farmer, StarkWare CEO [Eli Ben-Sasson](https://iq.wiki/wiki/eli-ben-sasson), Polyhedra Network co-founder and zkBridge inventor Tiancheng Xie, as well as Turing award winner and [ZK-proofs](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zero-knowledge-proofs-zkps) co-inventor Shafi Goldwasser. [5]  
  
The letter[12] notes:  
  
> “We believe that ZK is a public good that belongs to everyone. A company exploiting the legal system to annex a public good violates the crypto ethos, the Ethereum ethos, and the academic ethos. It even goes against Matter Labs’ own ethos which states "we can make this world better by increasing people's freedom”. If the company goes through with this it will be separating itself from the very community it claims to be a part of..." [12]  
  
In response to [Cointelegraph’s](https://iq.wiki/wiki/cointelegraph) X post[6], Alex Gluchowski, the co-founder and CEO of Matter Labs, said he rejects “the very idea of intellectual property.” The post continued:  
  
> “All the trademarks we had ever registered, including ZK-related ones, are defensive, to prevent dishonest actors from misleading their customers and confusing their products and services with the ones offered by Matter Labs (as had unfortunately been the case in the past).  
>   
> But ZK is the endgame, so we went one step further. We had earlier reached out to the legal team of the Ethereum Foundation and offered to cooperate on creating a legal framework to make the use of “ZK” and similar important tech terms in the public domain. We invite others to participate in this initiative – in particular, those who filed trademarks related to STARKs."[7]  
  
Matter Labs also sought to defend its trademark application via tweet, arguing that trademarks are the only means to guarantee its ability to freely use the term “ZK” for its products that don the two letters in their name. [8]  
  
> "ZK technology belongs to the community. Full stop. We applied for ZK-related trademarks to ensure that the term “ZK” can be used freely in the context of “ZK Sync”, “ZK Stack” and other related names. Like it or not, trademarks are the only legal tool available for this today.  
>   
> “A common misconception is that having a trademark means you legally own a particular word or phrase and can prevent others from using it. However, you don’t have rights to the word or phrase in general, only to how that word or phrase is used with your specific goods or services." (\*)[9]  
  
Matter Labs added that it was committed to finding a structure for the ZK trademark that benefits everybody building with [zero-knowledge technology](https://iq.wiki/wiki/zero-knowledge-proofs-zkps), even claiming to have reached out to the [Ethereum Foundation](https://iq.wiki/wiki/ethereum)[\[1\]](#cite-id-26f7yilx7st) in a bid to collaborate on establishing a legal framework placing the term “ZK” in the public domain. [8]  
  
> That said, we are committed to finding an appropriate structure for the ZK trademark that is accessible to everyone building ZK tech. We invite other ZK projects to join this effort. ZK technology, and the term ZK in particular, is and must always remain a public good, freely available to all. [9]  
  
However, after much feedback from its community, on June 3rd, 2024, Matter Labs announced via X (formerly known as Twitter) that they would withdraw all trademark applications for the term “ZK”.  
  
This decision followed extensive discussions, highlighting the difficulty of establishing a universally accepted, credibly neutral group to manage the trademark. While such a framework might be feasible within the Ethereum community, it was deemed unworkable globally.[13]

Matter Labs is a German company developing zkSync technology, a layer-2 scaling solution for Ethereum, aiming to improve transactional throughput and reduce gas...

Matter Labs

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Trial Wiki is a platform for users to experiment and learn about creating and editing content collaboratively in a Wikipedia-style environment.

Trial Wiki

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# Lorem Ipsum  
  
#### "Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit..."  
  
##### "There is no one who loves pain itself, who seeks after it and wants to have it, simply because it is pain..."  
  
***  
  
## What is Lorem Ipsum?  
  
**Lorem Ipsum** is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.  
  
## Why do we use it?  
  
It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using 'Content here, content here', making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for 'lorem ipsum' will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).  
  
## Where does it come from?  
  
Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text. It has roots in a piece of classical Latin literature from 45 BC, making it over 2000 years old. Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked up one of the more obscure Latin words, consectetur, from a Lorem Ipsum passage, and going through the cites of the word in classical literature, discovered the undoubtable source. Lorem Ipsum comes from sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum" (The Extremes of Good and Evil) by Cicero, written in 45 BC. This book is a treatise on the theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. The first line of Lorem Ipsum, "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet..", comes from a line in section 1.10.32.  
The standard chunk of Lorem Ipsum used since the 1500s is reproduced below for those interested. Sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 from "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum" by Cicero are also reproduced in their exact original form, accompanied by English versions from the 1914 translation by H. Rackham.  
  
## Where can I get some?  
  
There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words which don't look even slightly believable. If you are going to use a passage of Lorem Ipsum, you need to be sure there isn't anything embarrassing hidden in the middle of text. All the Lorem Ipsum generators on the Internet tend to repeat predefined chunks as necessary, making this the first true generator on the Internet. It uses a dictionary of over 200 Latin words, combined with a handful of model sentence structures, to generate Lorem Ipsum which looks reasonable. The generated Lorem Ipsum is therefore always free from repetition, injected humour, or non-characteristic words etc.  
  
|  | paragraphswordsbyteslists |  | Start with 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet...' |  
| --- | ------------------------- | --- | ------------------------------------------ |  
|  |  |  
  
***  
  
**Translations:** Can you help translate this site into a foreign language ? Please email us with details if you can help.  
  
***  
  
There is a set of mock banners available here in three colours and in a range of standard banner sizes:  
  
***  
  
**Donate:** If you use this site regularly and would like to help keep the site on the Internet, please consider donating a small sum to help pay for the hosting and bandwidth bill. There is no minimum donation, any sum is appreciated - click here to donate using PayPal. Thank you for your support.  
**Donate Bitcoin:** 16UQLq1HZ3CNwhvgrarV6pMoA2CDjb4tyF  
  
***  
  
NodeJS Python Interface GTK Lipsum Rails .NET Groovy  
  
***  
  
***  
  
### The standard Lorem Ipsum passage, used since the 1500s  
  
"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum."  
  
### Section 1.10.32 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum", written by Cicero in 45 BC  
  
"Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?"  
  
### 1914 translation by H. Rackham  
  
"But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness. No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful. Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it? But who has any right to find fault with a man who chooses to enjoy a pleasure that has no annoying consequences, or one who avoids a pain that produces no resultant pleasure?"  
  
### Section 1.10.33 of "de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum", written by Cicero in 45 BC  
  
"At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat."  
  
### 1914 translation by H. Rackham  
  
"On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee the pain and trouble that are bound to ensue; and equal blame belongs to those who fail in their duty through weakness of will, which is the same as saying through shrinking from toil and pain. These cases are perfectly simple and easy to distinguish. In a free hour, when our power of choice is untrammelled and when nothing prevents our being able to do what we like best, every pleasure is to be welcomed and every pain avoided. But in certain circumstances and owing to the claims of duty or the obligations of business it will frequently occur that pleasures have to be repudiated and annoyances accepted. The wise man therefore always holds in these matters to this principle of selection: he rejects pleasures to secure other greater pleasures, or else he endures pains to avoid worse pains."  
  
***  
  
help@lipsum.com Privacy Policy · Do Not Sell My Personal Information · Change Consent · [\[1\]](#cite-id-ph7pieov10o)

A new wiki

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check

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| @cols=2:Design |  
| ------ | ------ |  
| Armor Alley (1991, DOS) | Design |  
| Rescue Raiders (1984, Apple II) | Game by |  
  
| @cols=2:Programming/Engineering |  
| ----------------------- | ----------------------- |  
| Armor Alley (1991, DOS) | Programming |  
| Strategic Conquest (1986, Apple II) | Apple II version by |  
| Crypt of Medea (1984, Apple II) | Game by |  
  
| @cols=2:Art/Graphics |  
| ------------ | ------------ |  
| Armor Alley (1991, DOS) | Graphics / Artwork |  
  
| @cols=2:Creative Services |  
| ----------------- | ----------------- |  
|  
  
| Top/Design |  
| ---------- |  
| Armor Alley (DOS, 1991) |  
| Armor Alley (DOS, 1991) |  


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